Yes, it was about 11MB of initial game data, much more than that to play the added CD content, and finally a ton of new CD content. That's why I've always assumed that there was probably "new" content cut as well. There's no reason to cut any of the initial game data otherwise - not unless some of the plot points demanded videos or something else that would have necessitated more memory on the CD.
But I've been playing the CD version for so long that I really can't remember what I'm missing, and I don't know that I would remember even if it was a very significant portion of the game, since I last played the floppy version a very long time ago. As far as where my understanding of the issue comes from, 10-20 years ago this was a topic of discussion, and I've posted everything I can remember piecing together in the late 90s. That's all the info I've got. I don't know of any remaining Castles sites where this info might be easily found. (Heck, even "Planet Deus Ex" is gone now - those forums were the best Deus Ex resource on the planet, and they were straight-up deleted.)
But I'm with you, I'd love to see a breakdown of the version differences, and I'd love to see someone do a comparison of the two versions. But that's only the start, really, because there were multiple regional releases - as is common - and I have no idea which of those versions I'm playing from GOG: US? UK? European version in English? And what, if any, are the differences between those? It's maddening.