Troops are an express cargo. They act like passengers and mail, loads may show on the map, but they will not board a train unless it goes to a destination that they want to get to. Normally that would be a city with another barracks, but sometimes they will travel to nearby cities as well. One must setup some trains and wait for the game to determine that you are providing service to somewhere the troops desire to go. Then loads will show up ready to travel.
Distance matters some, it's best to provide links between all the cities with barracks in such a fashion that each barracks is linked with the shortest route possible as first priority. More trains can then be added if neccesary to provide less frequented options for troops to travel between other barracks. These should get some additional troop traffic, but I wouldn't guuarantee them for profit.