I can't seem to trigger the stolen wine quest although I found the stolen wine. There's somehow no option for me to give it to Ludwig and there's no option for me to talk to him about it. How do I fix this?

You can obtain this quest only during the first dialogue with Ludwig. If you didn't ask him about his troubles during the first dialogue you cannot obtain and complete the quest anymore. This is how some side quests work in Inquisitor. But because it is a side quest you do not lose much - 350 XP, 25 reputation and some gold.