A
Luminous Blue Variable star is a massive evolved star that shows an unpredictable and sometimes dramatic variation in both spectra and brightness. (They are also known as
S Doradus variables, after
S Doradus, one of the brightest stars of the Large Magellanic Cloud.)
The definitive LBV star is
Eta Carinæ (formerly
Eta Argus of the
Argos Navis superordinal constellation — as it was known to John Hershel when he observed the beginnings of the Great Eruption, 1837–48).
The Great Eruption Lasting 110 years, the Great Eruption has been hypothesized to be the result of a collision between this 100 solar mass LBV visible star and possibly a second companion (leaving the third companion, a 30 solar mass star, in the resultant binary system).
During the Great Eruption
Eta Carinæ blazed from
magnitude 14, past Orion’s 0.13 magnitude (this was a mass ejection estimated at 10–40 solar masses), to eventually peak second only in the visible sky to Sirius, in 1843. Today it is magnitude 4.5 (at 7500 lightyears distant).
The
Lidov-Kozai mechanism Recently this was explained by Michail Lidov & Yoshihide Kozai as being when a triplet star system is unbalanced by their third member’s highly inclined orbit (
i.e., >10°), at a distance of 25AU from the binary (orbiting only 1AU from each other every 5½ years).
Dr Simon Portegies Zwart (Ledien University) & Dr Edwin van den Heuvel (Amsterdam University) posited that a tidal-lock for the two close companions would minimized the orbital variation for
Eta Carinæ (and so taking more than 3 million years instead of merely a few hundreds of thousands, hence it would be visible at the time it was seen and not millions of years ago when the constellation coalesced).
confer Wolf-Rayet star classification.
credit:
Keith Cooper,
Great Southern Star,
Australian Sky & Telescope issue 97, volume 12, number 8 (November 2016), pp.36–40.