Hello,
The Datafrog SF 2000 machine seems to be becoming quite popular, thanks to its very affordable cost.
https://github.com/vonmillhausen/sf2000

There are people working to modify its firmware and run new cores and ports, including Quake, which seems promising.

So I was wondering if DevilutionX might be able to run on it?

https://github.com/madcock/sf2000_multicore

"cores" seems to be some Retroarch specific term, which I understand to be a game launcher. I don't have any experience with it nor do I know what it requires from applications, can it run regular applications? What is the underlying OS?

The device appears to have a 800mhz MIPS CPU and 128MB RAM. That should be enough to run the game. But the 320x240 which is going to leave you with a bit of a blurry picture, but it does look like it has a hardware scaller so it shouldn't be to bad.

DevilutionX's main dependency is SDL1.2.10+ or SDL 2.0.4+. If either are available for the platform chances are good that you just need to build it for it to run.

If anyone is interested in porting it to the device we are happy to help them. Without the device we can't really do it our selfs, and the same goes for not knowing what a core or retroarch actually is. So anyone wanting to do so will have to figure the device specific things out them selfs, or already know how to build programs for the platform.