Hi.

Google is not strong with this one, Dex gives me mostly movie results.

Can I find augments in this game, or is the Doctors list the complete list?

There is another Aug which dr. Niles does not have. It is Deadshot which you obtain from Navarro if you choose the right option when you meet Connor at rooftops in Industrial Zone. ;)

There's also the "Enhanced Artificial Limbs" implant, which you can get by finding Soto in the Downtown area; and the "Retinal Targeting Scope", which you can get for taking Connor's bribe.

For taking him alive in custody also.

Of course you can check Dex wiki. There is a list of all augments too.
http://dex-rpg.wikia.com/wiki/Implants