For example, see these two pictures.

Similar stuff happens in the options menu. As soon as I click Full Screen most of the screen turns black.

Sorry about that! We've got Lars working as fast as he can to fix it!

Actually, it is the 1200 height that causes this.

I have a 16:10 monitor (1920x1200) and even in windowed mode, when I choose a resolution over 1920x1080 the above happens including the 4:3 1600x1200 one.

I have two monitors with 1920 x 1200 (16:10), and cannot even choose any windowed resolution above 1704x960 or 1400x1050. The higher modes are grayed out.

When i switch to fullscreen, all scroll-type backgrounds disappear like in the screenshot of the OP.

That happened to me too initially but I uninstalled and reinstalled the game and deleted the optinos.xml and then I could select all the resolutions my monitor supported (with the above mentioned bugs naturally).

The new build doesn't fix the issue per se but rather it works around it by stretching a lower-res image to fill the screen.

Unfortunately that causes a host of other issues as you can see in the attached screenshot.

See how the entire image is blurry and how the letters in the enemy description are misaligned and how the health in the healthbar actually cuts the "HP"?

there are other issues like misaligned buttons that fall onto each other.