I was inside Sorcerous Vault on my last save, and now I'm permanently stuck in a danger area and can't teleport to camp or anywhere

How does "you are in a danger location" have anything to do with patch 2? Did patch 2 relocate your party?

You can't travel in "Danger areas". However, I don't know how patch 2 is involved in this...

If you're talking about the vault in Sorcerous Sundries, there's a portal that will take you out of there, you just have to find it. Unless you're saying the patch broke the portal or something.