Everything that I've tried hasn't worked.

-width 1024 -height 768 -bpp 32
-width 1366 -height 768 -bpp 32
-width 2560 -height 1440 -BPP 32
-width 1920 -height 1280 -conwidth 864 -conheight 486 +fov 106

I've tried all of those launch arguments. None of them successfully launch the game.

That's the main problem with GLQuake. Until the remastered edition is released here, you basically have three options. Use one of the sourceports (such as QuakeSpasm for example: http://quakespasm.sourceforge.net/download.htm), launch WinQuake from the main folder or use the DOS version of the game. The first option will allow you to play in any resolution without any problems on modern hardware. QuakeSpasm is one of these sourceports which are closest to the original. There are no meaningful differences. If you decide to use WinQuake, you'll be limited to 4:3 resolutions only. Same is for the DOS version of the game, but it's very choppy even on modern hardware if you choose a higher resolution than 800x600. So right now your best option will be to use a sourceport.

Well, just don't use GLQuake. There is like no reason why you would want that outdated engine.

I personally use Darkplaces (https://icculus.org/twilight/darkplaces/download.html).

Extract the archive and put the "id1" folder into this folder - and the mission packs "hipnotic" & "rogue".

Here is help how to add sound: [url=https://quake.fandom.com/wiki/Darkplaces_(engine) ]wiki[/url] EDIT: Oh well that link does not parse properly, but I guess you can copy it...

Help to quakespasm from previous comment: https://quake.fandom.com/wiki/Quakespasm