Super Hexagon is quite short (though apparently quite difficult). In fact, each level can be cleared in 60 seconds IIRC (in fact, the criterion to clear a level is to survive for 60 seconds).
VVVVVV has frequent checkpoints, simple gameplay, and not much in terms of cutscenes. In fact, the tutorial doesn't interrupt gameplay (and all you really need to know is that you can move left, move right, and flip).
You could also try Downwell.
abdollah87: Ah yeah, I don't mind old games. But, 8-bit games aren't my cup of tea anymore. No offense
Darvond: Ey, that's fair. There's plenty of Pick up and play 16 bit games too, like the Sonic Trilogy.
Or Columns, which I've enjoyed on my Sega Genesis Mini.
Bloodstained: Ritual of the Night has some modes that might be suitable. For example, there's a Boss Revenge mode, where you fight many of the game's bosses as one of them. Then there's a Classic mode, which is an entirely separate game that plays like classic Castlevania (and is about as long as Castlevania 1).
(Also worth noting that the Konami and SNK collections here also have suitable games, albeit with NES-level graphics, and excluding Castlevania 2 and Crystalis.)