Well, this is an answer to my own post, in case fixing the case might be useful for someone else as well.
Raymans Origins does support four simultaneous Xbox 360 wireless controllers, through one USB adapter (actually a radio receiver). The issue I faced with, was related to a problem with the driver of one of the Xbox controllers. Not a big deal, enough however to prevent the game to make use of the last controller : Rayman Origins saw two of the controllers when three of them were switched on and three controllers when four of them were switched on. Oddly enough, all four controllers were listed in the Windows control panel for Printers and other devices, without any report of a potential problem.
After an online "update" or "re-install" of the driver of the last controller through the Windows Device Manager, Rayman Origins saw the whole set of four wireless controllers and worked with four simultaneous players.