1. No, but the closer the better. If you place a building and the roads aren't close enough then you'll be notified about that fairly quickly. Roads are extremely cheap things to place so it's usually not a problem. Usually it's wise to lay down a rudimentary road layout early on to guide your development.
2. Trees usually aren't a problem. Crops are either planted in their shade or the tree is removed. As for the number of crops, that seems to be somewhat governed by the number of people working on that farm. But it's usually wise to set aside an area at least twice the size of the farm itself (all green for the crop you're planting).
3. Police stations are connected directly to your roads and thus can send out car patrols. Their influence starts to wane the further away they are from the scene of the crime. But their reach is generally island-wide.
As for schools, building a garage near them along with some cheap tenements or bunkhouses (enacting social security helps too) is all you generally need. But having them nearer population centres seems to bolster attendance.
EDIT: a few more notes.
1. You'll need to place down garages in every area you're developing. Naturally these need to be connected directly to the roads. The more developed an area the more garages you'll need there. When developing a new area, place garages down first and make sure it's set to high priority.
Even send out Presidenté to the site to speed up construction. This will give your construction workers means of getting back quickly and thus back out building again all the sooner. Otherwise you'll have all your workers wandering back on foot.
2. When it comes to farms and ranches, don't actually place the building on the greenest area, but beside it. Mines and oil wells on the other hand you want right on top of the resource.