Thiefer: GOG game 'Crimsonland' is an excellent one-day game.
6 Chapters, 10 levels per.
I have 8.5 hours clocked on Steam, finishing it twice on different difficulties, as well as dabbling with the awesome 'one-and-done' scoring game modes like Nukefism (no guns, only power-ups) and Type-O-Shooter (type out words to kill incoming enemies).
Grargar: Hmm, I don't know about that. When I originally played it (pre-1.1.0.4 version), it took me a while to complete it as your progression on certain stages was entirely reliant on whether you would get a good weapon or not. Do you remember what version you played the game?
It was December 2016 when I played it, so 1.1.0 according to Steam.
I think I read that Quest Mode used to not have perks in one of the earlier versions. That sounds significantly more difficult.
I certainly didn't finish my first playthrough of Quest Mode in one day, but going by hour count, I'd say it qualifies. Once I discovered that doing battle in the thick of things was the best strategy, and not on the outskirts of the map (as was my initial strategy), I started breezing through the levels, except those two levels with the infernal Spideroids. The frequent power-ups along with the right perks, the amount of carnage wrought was quite satisfying at times. My second playthrough took me three hours, tops. Great battles. Great game.