Mori_Yuki: This solution seems to fix this problem. If this doesn't solve it, all you can do is open a support ticket.
The quick process is to message one of the blues or, if you contacted support before, send them an email and ask for help.
teceem: The page you linked to is about uninstalling Galaxy. The solution was already provided by VanishedOne, in the post above you.
Yes and no. It is about uninstalling remnants of an old Galaxy installation or the game in question. As I understand, when there are remnants, using the appwiz.cpl, should remove the entrie(s) from the OS and allow OP to perform a fresh install of the client, the game or possibly both. Looking at OP's attached screenshots, that's what seems to be the problem, and this is a proposed fix both here as well as on MS's official support forums.
Thats the reason I think that both VanishedOne's or my proposed solution could solve dollhobs' problem. We will know once dollhobs gets back to us.
Edit: I should add that neither VanishedOne nor I claim that ours is going to work. And I can only speak for me when I say that my proposed solution has worked for other members facing this problem.