Thanks for the suggestions, I'll give them a try this evening. I did try uninstalling and reinstalling, but I originally installed it using the download from the site rather than from GOG Galaxy, so maybe I'll remove everything and try that again. I put in a ticket with GOG and they had this to say:
This issue might be caused by your graphics devices not switching correctly. Please download the gfxCardStatus utility:
[can't post links here]
In gfxCardStatus set to use only one graphics device and try the game again. If this fails, please select the other graphics device and try launching again.
I haven't tried it yet, but it seems... not right. I don't know. I don't usually have to mess around on a Mac to get things working, they just work. This is the sort of thing I expect on the PC, but the PC version actually works just fine.
Darkest Dungeon is a great laptop game, though! It really kills time on planes, in hotels, etc.!
Thanks for the help, I'll update if anything works. I can't seem to find any other appearances of this issue elsewhere.